Description

During this third, and final, placement students will become an integral member of the multi-professional healthcare team: competent to deal with a full range of patients using a wide range of modalities. They will have responsibility for organising their working day and liaising with staff in other departments, and will gain experience of managing an inter-professional team.

Module Aims

This module pre-dates the current template; refer to the description above and the following ILO sections.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

A student who has passed this module should be able to:

• Module Specific Skills and Knowledge:
  1. perform routine, and advanced, imaging and manual handling procedures in a safe and efficient manner;
  2. demonstrate skill in radiographic positioning and image acquisition;
  3. assess and interpret images, and anticipate potential image-quality problems arising from special circumstances and implement corrective action;
  4. care for, and communicate with, patients appropriately;
  5. describe and implement radiation protection measures, including instrument calibration and quality control;
  6. discuss the effective dose equivalent associated with different imaging procedures and relate to risk/benefit judgements;
  7. practice, and be able to explain the principles of, appropriate infection control;
  8. identify and discuss applicable legal and ethical issues;
  9. undertake radiographs and CT scans including supplementary views based on departmental protocols;
  10. demonstrate the ability to modify radiographic technique as appropriate to the situation
  11. deal with patients in difficult circumstances and undertake complex imaging procedures;
  12. explain and apply the principles of exposure selection, image processing, viewing, image evaluation;
  13. compare and contrast, for several imaging modalities, normal and normal-variant radiographic and cross-sectional anatomy, physiology, and pathology;
  14. operate effectively as part of an inter-professional healthcare team;
• Discipline Specific Skills and Knowledge:
  15. reflect on clinical experience, identify personal strengths and learning needs;
  16. maintain an accurate and up-to-date log book of radiographic examinations undertaken;
  17. synthesise information from a number of sources in order to gain a coherent understanding of theory and practice;
• Personal and Key Transferable / Employment Skills and Knowledge:
  18. contribute positively to the placement department;
  19. comply with the Code of Practice for Clinical Placements;
  20. participate actively in clinical tutorials whilst on placement;
  21. develop and reflect on personal and professional portfolio as a basis for future CPD.

Syllabus Plan

Refer to the Handbook section Radiography Placement Documents and Forms for detailed aims and objectives for each placement area. The time spent on each placement area is shown in square brackets.

1. Pre-clinical Preparation
   1. Mandatory trainining in compliance with SHA requirements, including:
      1. Manual handling training.
      2. Fire training.
      3. Mental Capacity Act 2005.
      4. Interprofessional healthcare delivery.
      5. Infection control.
      6. Radiation Protection.
      7. Note: Intermediate life support training is covered in PAM3013.
2. General and / or A&E Room [5-6 weeks]
   1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols.
   2. Assessment of radiographs, modification of exposure factors and technique.
   3. Identify normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology and participate in red-dot schemes where appropriate
   4. Identify the need for additional views and modification of technique in trauma.
   5. Perform radiographs on a full range of patient types, including paediatrics, elderly, infirm and trauma patients.
   6. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
3. Fluoroscopy Room [2 weeks]
   1. Use of barium as a contrast agent.
   2. Standard positioning and departmental protocols for barium studies.
   3. Assessment of radiographs, modification of exposure factors and technique.
   4. Identify normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology.
   5. Identify the need for additional views.
   6. Develop involvement, increasing your role as a student radiographer
   7. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
4. Mobiles and Theatres [3 weeks]
   1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols.
   2. Assessment of radiographs, modification of exposure factors and technique.
   3. Identification of normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology.
   4. Radiation protection in wards and in theatre.
   5. The principles of a sterile environment.
   6. Develop your role so you are leading the interaction with ward- and theatre-staff and the imaging of the patient
   7. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
5. Interventional Room [0.5 week]
   1. Observe a range of interventional procedures, including cardiac, neurological and angiographic examinations and procedures
   2. Use of contrast media
   3. Participate as a member of the inter-professional team.
   4. Identification of normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology.
   5. Identification of interventional treatment techniques
   6. Radiation protection in a high-dose environment
   7. The principles of a sterile environment and infection control.
   8. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
6. Computed Tomography [2 weeks]
   1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols.
   2. Use of contrast media
   3. Image processing and manipulation
   4. Identify normal, normal-variant cross-sectional anatomy and pathology.
   5. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
7. Positron Emission Tomography [1-3 days, where possible]
   1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols;
   2. Use of different positron emitters and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging
   3. Image processing and manipulation Identify normal, normal-variant planar and cross-sectional anatomy, physiology and pathology.
   4. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
   5. Awareness of different radiation protection issues associated with the use of positron emitters
8. DXA [1 day]
   1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols for the measurement of bone density
   2. Image processing and manipulation
   3. Identify normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology.
   4. Identify artefacts affecting image processing and methods of rectification
   5. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
   6. Awareness of the diagnosis criteria for osteoporosis and the impact of osteoporosis on the workload in an imaging department.
9. Mammography [1 day, where possible]
   1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols.
   2. Assessment of mammograms, modification of exposure factors and technique.
   3. Identify normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology.
   4. Identify the need for additional views.
   5. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
10. Ultrasound [0.5 week]
    1. Standard departmental protocols scanning protocols and techniques for obstetric and non-obstetric ultrasound.
    2. Use of ultrasound equipment to perform measurements of anatomy and pathologies
    3. Identify normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology.
    4. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to patient care and communication.
11. Magnetic Resonance Imaging [0.5 week]
    1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols.
    2. Use of contrast media
    3. Image processing and manipulation
    4. Identify normal, normal-variant cross-sectional anatomy and pathology.
    5. Particular attention to the safety issues associated with the use of strong magnetic fields for imaging
    6. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to patient care and communication.
12. Nuclear Medicine [0.5 week]
    1. Standard positioning and departmental protocols for a range of planar and cross-sectional imaging.
    2. Use of different isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging
    3. Image processing and manipulation
    4. Identify normal, normal-variant planar and cross-sectional anatomy, physiology and pathology.
    5. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
    6. Awareness of different radiation protection issues associated with open sources of radiation
13. Out of Hours Shifts
    1. Gain experience in out of hours work by working two nights and five late shifts.
    2. Standard positioning and departmental protocols.
    3. Assessment of radiographs, modification of exposure factors and technique.
    4. Identify the need for additional views and modification of technique in trauma.
    5. Identify normal, normal-variant anatomy and pathology and participate in red-dot schemes where appropriate.
    6. Perform radiographs on a full range of patient types, including paediatrics, elderly, infirm and trauma patients.
    7. Safe and efficient working, with particular attention to radiation protection, patient care and communication.
14. Elective [4 weeks, split between up to three hospitals]
    Note: only available once all four clinical assessments have been passed. Refer to the Radiography Elective Regulations and Information for Host Departments for further details.
    1. Work within general, A&E, mobiles, theatres and fluoroscopy for 2-3 weeks.
    2. 1-2 weeks within imaging modalities of your choice (must be agreed by imaging department).
    3. Ensure the correct use of departmental protocols.
    4. Participate as a member of the department under radiographer supervision demonstrating safe and efficient working.
    5. Identify and gain additional experience in areas of weakness.

Learning and Teaching

Learning Activities and Teaching Methods

Assessment

Notes: To receive a non-zero mark for this module, students must comply with the attendance requirements specified in the Code of Practice for Clinical Placements and pass every clinical assessment with a mark of at least 40%.

Resources

The following list is offered as an indication of the type & level of information that students are expected to consult. Further guidance will be provided by the Module Instructor(s).

Core text:

• Not applicable

Supplementary texts:

• Bontrager K.L. (2009), Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy (7^th edition), Mosby, ISBN 0-323-05410-2 (UL: 616.0757 BON/X)
• Clark K.C. (2005), Clark's Positioning in Radiography (12^th edition), Hodder Arnold, ISBN 0-340-76390-6 (UL: 616.0757 CLA/X)
• College of Radiographers (2008), Code of Conduct and Ethics, Society and College of Radiographers, ISBN 9871-871101-45-X (UL: XXX)
• College of Radiographers (2007), Consent to Imaging and Radiotherapy Treatment Examinations, Society and College of Radiographers, ISBN 9871-871101-42-5 (UL: PAM 616.0757 CON/X)

ELE:

• http://newton.ex.ac.uk/redirects/ELE/pam3005

Further Information

Prior Knowledge Requirements

Re-assessment

Re-assessment is not available except when required by referral or deferral.

Notes: See Medical Imaging Assessment Conventions.

KIS Data Summary

Miscellaneous